Pharmacogenetic Test

Enables precise prescribing by identifying genetic risks for adverse drug reactions and therapeutic failure. This fast, cost-effective tool supports safer and more personalized care, helping clinicians optimize therapy based on each patient’s genetic profile.

Simple buccal swab – FDA approved

Price

$85.00

USD

Would you like us to call you?

One of our agents will contact you

Pharmacogenetic Testing: Optimizing Drug Safety and Efficacy Through Personalized Medicine

Introduction
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in modern healthcare. With approximately 100,000 deaths and over 2 million serious ADRs reported annually in the United States alone, there is a critical need for more precise and individualized approaches to medication management. Pharmacogenetic testing, offered through the PharmacoCheck+ Personalized Medicine Panel, enables physicians to proactively assess a patient’s genetic predisposition to drug metabolism, thereby reducing the risk of ADRs and improving therapeutic efficacy.

Genetic variants in key drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters are examined. By identifying whether a patient has slow, intermediate, normal, or ultrarapid metabolism, the test provides useful data to guide drug selection, dosage adjustments, and therapeutic monitoring across a wide range of treatment areas.

Pharmacogenetics has become an essential tool in the transition toward precision medicine. By incorporating genetic data into prescribing decisions, physicians can:

Identify the most effective medication before starting treatment.

Minimize the risk of severe adverse reactions.

Optimize dosage to match individual metabolism.

Improve patient outcomes while reducing unnecessary healthcare costs.

Medication Selection

Enables physicians to match patients with drugs most likely to be effective while avoiding those with a higher risk of adverse effects based on genetic predisposition.

This evidence-based approach is particularly valuable in therapeutic areas such as psychiatry, cardiology, oncology, and pain management.

Dose Optimization
Genetic variation in drug metabolism (e.g., CYP2D6, CYP2C19) directly affects the required dosage. PharmacoCheck+ helps determine the appropriate initial dose and guides adjustments over time.

Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)

PharmacoCheck+ identifies increased risks of toxicity, treatment failure, or hypersensitivity reactions, allowing for preventive therapy adjustments.

This is especially important for high-risk medications such as anticoagulants, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and chemotherapeutic agents.

Longitudinal Utility

Results become a permanent part of the patient’s medical record, supporting future prescribing decisions across multiple specialties and clinical encounters.

The genetic profile can guide lifelong personalized medication plans, improving continuity of care.

Ultrarapid Metabolizer
Faster-than-normal drug clearance, which may reduce drug efficacy at standard doses.

Normal Metabolizer
Expected drug metabolism where standard dosing is typically effective.

Intermediate Metabolizer
Slower drug clearance, requiring dose adjustments to prevent accumulation.

Poor Metabolizer
Significantly reduced enzymatic function, leading to excessive drug accumulation and a higher risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

ADRs contribute to approximately 100,000 deaths per year in the U.S.

Each year, more than 2 million serious adverse drug reactions occur.

Nursing homes experience 350,000 ADRs annually, increasing healthcare burden and costs.

(Source: FDA – Preventable Adverse Drug Reactions: A Focus on Drug Interactions)

The personalized medicine panel uses advanced single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping analysis to detect common and rare genetic variants relevant to drug metabolism.

Sample Type: Buccal swab (non-invasive)

Platform: OpenArray Technology

Genotyping Software: TaqMan® Genotyper

Each result meets strict quality control metrics, ensuring a >95% call accuracy.

Copy number variations (CNVs) in CYP2D6 are also assessed to ensure a comprehensive evaluation of this critical pharmacogene.

This test detects only predefined variants and does not capture all possible mutations that affect drug metabolism.

Non-genetic factors such as drug interactions, organ function, and concurrent medical conditions also influence drug response.

Results should be interpreted alongside the patient’s medical history, concomitant medications, and relevant laboratory data.

This test complies with CLIA regulations but is not FDA-approved, as such approval is not required for high-complexity laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) under current guidelines.

Personalized Prescribing
Greater drug efficacy and reduced risk of adverse reactions.

Cost Savings
Fewer hospitalizations, reduced polypharmacy, and less medication waste.

Patient Safety
Improved monitoring and prevention of severe drug reactions.

Lifetime Utility
A single test supports medication decisions for future medical needs.

Pharmacogenetic testing enables healthcare professionals to provide precise prescriptions, reducing reliance on trial-and-error drug selection. By proactively identifying genetic risks for ADRs and therapeutic failure, this approach promotes safer, more effective, and cost-efficient healthcare. As precision medicine continues to evolve, PharmacoCheck+ offers an indispensable tool for personalized pharmacotherapy, helping clinicians deliver better care tailored to each patient’s unique genetic profile.

References

Amstutz, U. et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase genotype and fluoropyrimidine dosing: 2017 update. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 103, 210–216 (2017).

Bell, G. et al. CPIC guideline for CYP2D6 genotype and use of ondansetron and tropisetron. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 102, 213–218 (2017).

Birdwell, K. et al. CPIC guideline for CYP3A5 genotype and tacrolimus dosing. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 98, 19–24 (2015).

Brown, J. et al. CPIC guideline for CYP2D6 genotype and atomoxetine therapy. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 106, 94–102 (2019).

Cooper-DeHoff, R.M. et al. CPIC guideline for SLCO1B1, ABCG2, and CYP2C9 genotypes and statin-associated musculoskeletal symptoms. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 111, 1007–1021 (2022).

Crews, K. et al. CPIC guideline for CYP2D6, OPRM1, and COMT genotypes and opioid therapy selection. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 110, 888–896 (2021).

Desta, Z. et al. CPIC guideline for CYP2B6 genotype and efavirenz antiretroviral therapy. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 106, 726–733 (2019).

Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group. Pharmacogenetics Working Group Guidelines, May 2020.

Gammal, R.S. et al. CPIC guideline for G6PD genotype and medication use. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 113, 973–985 (2022).

Gammal, R.S. et al. CPIC guideline for UGT1A1 and atazanavir prescribing. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 99, 363–369 (2016).

Goetz, M. et al. CPIC guideline for CYP2D6 and tamoxifen therapy. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 103, 770–777 (2018).

Gonsalves, S.G. et al. CPIC guideline for volatile anesthetics and succinylcholine use in RYR1 or CACNA1S genotypes. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 105, 1338–1344 (2019).

Ham, A. et al. CYP2C9 genotypes modify benzodiazepine-related fall risk: results from three studies with meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 18, 88.e1–88.e15 (2017).

He, W. et al. CYP2D6 genotype predicts tamoxifen discontinuation and drug response: secondary analysis of the KARISMA trial. Annals of Oncology 32, 1286–1293 (2021).

Hicks, J. et al. CPIC guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes and SSRI dosing. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 98, 127–134 (2015).

Hicks, J. et al. CPIC guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes and TCA dosing: 2016 update. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 102, 37–44 (2017).

Johnson, J. et al. CPIC guideline for pharmacogenetically guided warfarin dosing: 2017 update. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 102, 397–404 (2017).

Karnes, J. et al. CPIC guideline for CYP2C9 and HLA-B genotypes and phenytoin dosing: 2020 update. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 109, 302–309 (2021).

King, D. et al. Pharmacogenetics of smoking cessation: analysis of varenicline and bupropion in placebo-controlled trials. Neuropsychopharmacology 37, 641–650 (2012).

Lee, C. et al. CPIC guideline for CYP2C19 genotype and clopidogrel therapy: 2022 update. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 112, 959–967 (2022).

Lerman, C. et al. Nicotine metabolite ratio as a genetically informed biomarker of response to nicotine patch or varenicline for smoking cessation: a randomized trial. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 3, 131–138 (2015).

Lima, J. et al. CPIC guideline for proton pump inhibitors and CYP2C19 dosing. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2020).

Lipworth, J. et al. Personalized second-line therapy for asthmatic children with Arg(16) genotype. Clinical Science 124, 521–528 (2013).

Martin, M.A. et al. CPIC guideline for HLA-B genotype and abacavir dosing. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 91, 734–738 (2012).

McDermott, J.H. et al. CPIC guideline for MT-RNR1 genotype and aminoglycoside use. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 111, 366–372 (2022).

Moriyama, B. et al. CPIC guideline for CYP2C19 genotype and voriconazole therapy. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 102, 45–51 (2017).

Muir, A. et al. CPIC guideline for IFNL3 (IL28B) genotype and PEG-interferon alpha regimens. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 95, 141–146 (2014).

Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Promacta Product Monograph (2018).

Phillips, E. et al. CPIC guideline for HLA genotype and carbamazepine/oxcarbazepine use: 2017 update. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 103, 574–581 (2018).

Relling, M. et al. CPIC guideline for TPMT and NUDT15 genotypes and thiopurine dosing: 2018 update. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 105, 1095–1105 (2019).

Saito, Y. et al. CPIC guideline for HLA-B genotype and allopurinol dosing: 2015 update. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 99, 36–37 (2015).

Theken, K. et al. CPIC guideline for CYP2C9 and NSAID therapy. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 108, 191–200 (2020).

Ueta, M. et al. Independent association of HLA-A02:06 and HLA-B44:03 with cold medicine–related Stevens-Johnson syndrome with severe mucosal involvement. Scientific Reports 4, 4862 (2014).

Ueta, M. et al. Cross-ethnic study confirming HLA-A02:06 and HLA-B44:03 associations with cold medicine–related Stevens-Johnson syndrome and severe ocular surface complications. Scientific Reports 4, 5981 (2014).

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Table of Pharmacogenetic Associations (2020).

Vijverberg, S. et al. ADRB2 Arg16 genotype increases exacerbation risk in children using β2-agonists: PACMAN cohort study. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad 150, 233–238 (2015).

Wakamatsu, T. et al. HLA class I genes associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular complications after cold medicine use in a Brazilian population. JAMA Ophthalmology 135, 355 (2017).

Wechsler, M. et al. Effect of β2-adrenergic receptor polymorphism on response to long-acting β-agonist in asthma (LARGE trial). The Lancet 374, 1754–1764 (2009).